Conceptual chemistry;understanding our world of atoms and molecules

To the Student	p. xvii
To the Instructor	p. xix
Acknowledgments	p. xxiii
1 Chemistry is a Science: Looking at the World of Atoms and Molecules	p. 1
1.1 Chemistry Is a Central Science Useful to Our Lives	p. 2
1.2 Science Is a Way of Understanding the Universe	p. 5
1.3 Scientists Measure Physical Quantities	p. 10
1.4 Mass Is How Much and Volume Is How Spacious	p. 13
1.5 Energy Is the Mover of Matter	p. 17
1.6 Temperature Is a Measure of How Hot--Heat It is Not	p. 19
1.7 The Phase of a Material Depends on the Motion of Its Particles	p. 22
1.8 Density Is the Ratio of Mass to Volume	p. 26
2 Elements of Chemistry: Understanding Chemistry Through Its Language	p. 36
2.1 Matter Has Physical and Chemical Properties	p. 37
2.2 Atoms Are the Fundamental Components of Elements	p. 45
2.3 Elements Can Combine to Form Compounds	p. 46
2.4 Most Materials Are Mixtures	p. 49
2.5 Chemists Classify Matter as Pure or Impure	p. 53
2.6 Elements Are Organized in the Periodic Table by Their Properties	p. 56
3 Discovering the Atom and Subatomic Particles: Where We've Been and What We Know Now	p. 67
3.1 Chemistry Developed Out of Our Interest in Materials	p. 68
3.2 Lavoisier Laid the Foundation of Modern Chemistry	p. 69
3.3 Dalton Deduced That Matter Is Made of Atoms	p. 75
3.4 The Electron Was the First Subatomic Particle Discovered	p. 81
3.5 The Mass of an Atom Is Concentrated in Its Nucleus	p. 85
3.6 The Atomic Nucleus Is Made of Protons and Neutrons	p. 87
4 The Atomic Nucleus: Know Nukes	p. 97
4.1 The Cathode Ray Led to the Discovery of Radioactivity	p. 98
4.2 Radioactivity Is a Natural Phenomenon	p. 102
4.3 Radioactive Isotopes Are Useful as Tracers and for Medical Imaging	p. 106
4.4 Radioactivity Results from an Imbalance of Forces in the Nucleus	p. 107
4.5 A Radioactive Element Can Transmute to a Different Element	p. 110
4.6 The Shorter the Half-Life, the Greater the Radioactivity	p. 112
4.7 Isotopic Dating Measures the Age of a Material	p. 114
4.8 Nuclear Fission Is the Splitting of the Atomic Nucleus	p. 117
4.9 Nuclear Energy Comes from Nuclear Mass and Vice Versa	p. 121
4.10 Nuclear Fusion Is the Combining of Atomic Nuclei	p. 123
5 Atomic Models: Virtual Handles on the Very Real	p. 132
5.1 Models Help Us Visualize the Invisible World of Atoms	p. 133
5.2 Light Is a Form of Energy	p. 136
5.3 Atoms Can Be Identified by the Light They Emit	p. 139
5.4 Niels Bohr Used the Quantum Hypothesis to Explain Atomic Spectra	p. 141
5.5 Electrons Exhibit Wave Properties	p. 145
5.6 Energy-Level Diagrams Describe How Orbitals Are Occupied	p. 151
5.7 Orbitals of Similar Energies Can Be Grouped into Shells	p. 155
5.8 The Periodic Table Helps Us Predict Properties of Elements	p. 158
6 Chemical Bonding and Molecular Shapes: How Atoms Connect to One Another	p. 171
6.1 An Atomic Model Is Needed to Understand How Atoms Bond	p. 172
6.2 Atoms Can Lose or Gain Electrons to Become lons	p. 174
6.3 Ionic Bonds Result from a Transfer of Electrons	p. 176
6.4 Covalent Bonds Result from a Sharing of Electrons	p. 180
6.5 Valence Electrons Determine Molecular Shape	p. 183
6.6 Polar Covalent Bonds Result from an Uneven Sharing of Electrons	p. 189
6.7 Molecular Polarity Results from an Uneven Distribution of Electrons	p. 191
7 Molecular Mixing: How Molecules Attract One Another	p. 201
7.1 Submicroscopic Particles Electrically Attract One Another	p. 202
7.2 A Solution Is a Single-Phase Homogeneous Mixture	p. 208
7.3 Solubility Is a Measure of How Well a Solute Dissolves	p. 214
7.4 Soap Works by Being Both Polar and Nonpolar	p. 221
8 Those Incredible Water Molecules: Macroscopic Consequences of Molecular Stickiness	p. 231
8.1 Water Molecules Form an Open Crystalline Structure in Ice	p. 232
8.2 Freezing and Melting Go On at the Same Time	p. 235
8.3 The Behavior of Liquid Water Is the Result of the Stickiness of Water Molecules	p. 240
8.4 Water Molecules Move Freely Between the Liquid and Gaseous Phases	p. 244
8.5 It Takes a Lot of Energy to Change the Temperature of Liquid Water	p. 251
8.6 A Phase Change Requires the Input or Output of Energy	p. 256
9 An Overview of Chemical Reactions: How Reactants React to Form Products	p. 265
9.1 Chemical Reactions Are Represented by Chemical Equations	p. 266
9.2 Chemists Use Relative Masses to Count Atoms and Molecules	p. 270
9.3 Reaction Rate Is Influenced by Concentration and Temperature	p. 276
9.4 Catalysts Increase the Rate of Chemical Reactions	p. 281
9.5 Chemical Reactions Can Be Either Exothermic or Endothermic	p. 284
10 Acids and Bases: Exchanging Protons	p. 296
10.1 Acids Donate Protons, Bases Accept Them	p. 279
10.2 Some Acids and Bases Are Stronger Than Others	p. 303
10.3 Solutions Can Be Acidic, Basic, or Neutral	p. 307
10.4 Rainwater Is Acidic and Ocean Water Is Basic	p. 312
10.5 Buffer Solutions Resist Changes in pH	p. 317
11 Oxidation and Reduction: Transferring Electrons	p. 324
11.1 Oxidation Is the Loss of Electrons and Reduction Is the Gain of Electrons	p. 325
11.2 Photography Works by Selective Oxidation and Reduction	p. 326
11.3 The Energy of Flowing Electrons Can Be Harnessed	p. 329
11.4 Oxygen Is Responsible for Corrosion and Combustion	p. 340
12 Organic Compounds: A Survey of Carbon-Based Molecules	p. 347
12.1 Hydrocarbons Contain Only Carbon and Hydrogen	p. 348
12.2 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons Contain Multiple Bonds	p. 353
12.3 Organic Molecules Are Classified by Functional Group	p. 356
12.4 Organic Molecules Can Link To Form Polymers	p. 368
13 Chemicals of Life: The Nutrients That Make Up Our Bodies	p. 384
13.1 Biomolecules Are Produced and Utilized Within Cells	p. 385
13.2 Carbohydrates Give Structure and Energy	p. 386
13.3 Lipids are Insoluble in Water	p. 394
13.4 Proteins Are Polymers of Amino Acids	p. 398
13.5 Nucleic Acids Code for Proteins	p. 406
13.6 Vitamins Are Organic, Minerals Are Inorganic	p. 418
13.7 Metabolism Is the Cycling of Biomolecules Through the Body	p. 421
13.8 The Food Pyramid Summarizes a Healthful Diet	p. 423
14 Chemistry of Drugs: Understanding Drug Action	p. 436
14.1 Drugs are Classified by Safety, Social Acceptibility, Origin, and Biological Activity	p. 437
14.2 The Lock-and-Key Model Guides Chemists in Synthesizing New Drugs	p. 439
14.3 Chemotherapy Cures the Host by Killing the Disease	p. 443
14.4 Drugs for Birth Control Block or Mimic Sex Hormones	p. 451
14.5 The Nervous System Is a Network of Neurons	p. 452
14.6 Psychoactive Drugs Alter the Mind or Behavior	p. 458
14.7 Pain Relievers Inhibit the Transmission or Perception of Pain	p. 473
14.8 Drugs for the Heart Open Blood Vessels or Alter Heart Rate	p. 478
15 Optimizing Food Production: From the Good Earth	p. 486
15.1 Humans Eat at All Tropic Levels	p. 487
15.2 Plants Require Nutrients	p. 489
15.3 Soil Fertility is Determined by Soil Structure and Nutrient Retention	p. 493
15.4 Natural and Synthetic Fertilizers Help Restore Soil Fertility	p. 498
15.5 Pesticides Kill Insects, Weeds, and Fungi	p. 500
15.6 There Is Much to Learn from Past Agricultural Practices	p. 507
15.7 High Agricultural Yields Can Be Sustained with Proper Practices	p. 510
15.8 A Crop Can Be Improved by Inserting a Gene from Another Species	p. 514
15.9 World Hunger Is Not Inevitable	p. 515
16 Fresh Water Resources: Our Roles and Responsibilities	p. 521
16.1 Water Circulates Through the Hydrologic Cycle	p. 522
16.2 Collectively, We Consume Huge Amounts of Water	p. 524
16.3 Water Treatment Facilities Make Water Safe for Drinking	p. 526
16.4 Fresh Water Can Be Made from Salt Water	p. 530
16.5 Human Activities Can Pollute Water	p. 534
16.6 Microorganisms in Water Alter Levels of Dissolved Oxygen	p. 537
16.7 Wastewater Is Processed by Treatment Facilities	p. 539
16.8 There Are Many Ways to Conserve Water	p. 543
17 Air Resources: One Planet, One Atmosphere	p. 549
17.1 The Earth's Atmosphere Is a Mixture of Gases	p. 550
17.2 Human Activities Have Increased Air Pollution	p. 554
17.3 Stratospheric Ozone Protects the Earth from Ultraviolet Radiation	p. 560
17.4 Air Pollution May Result in Global Warming	p. 565
18 Material Resources: A Look at the Materials of Our Society	p. 576
18.1 Paper Is Made of Cellulose Fibers	p. 577
18.2 The Development of Plastics Involved Experimentation and Discovery	p. 580
18.3 Metals Come from the Earth's Limited Supply of Ores	p. 588
18.4 Glass Is Made Primarily of Silicates	p. 597
18.5 Ceramics Are Hardened with Heat	p. 598
18.6 Composites Combine Fibers and a Thermoset Medium	p. 600
19 Energy Resources: Managing for the Present and Future	p. 606
19.1 Electricity Is a Convenient Form of Energy	p. 607
19.2 Fossil Fuels Are a Widely-Used But Limited Energy Source	p. 610
19.3 There Are Two Forms of Nuclear Energy	p. 617
19.4 What Are Sustainable Energy Resources?	p. 623
19.5 Water Can Be Used to Generate Electricity	p. 624
19.6 Biomass Is Chemical Energy	p. 628
19.7 Energy Can Be Harnessed from Sunlight	p. 632
19.8 Our Future Economy May Be Based on Hydrogen	p. 639
19.9 Changes Are Upon Us	p. 641
Appendix A Scientific Notation Is Used to Express Large and Small Numbers	p. 1
Appendix B Significant Figures Are Used to Show Which Digits Have Experimental Meaning	p. 5
Appendix C Solutions to Odd-Numbered Exercises and Problems	p. 9
Glossary	p. 1
Photo Credits	p. 1
Index	p. 1

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